del trotter:
Can you create conditions to favour self employment?
If you want to substantiate a classification of a worker as self employed, we strongly recommend that you have drawn up and enforce a suitable contract defining the services provided. In line with the tests referred to above, you will need to give particular consideration to the following points:
Risk and Reward
One of the main requirements is that self employed workers bear some element of risk in the arrangement. Whenever possible this is best demonstrated where work is undertaken on the basis of a �price for the Job�. Ideally the price, scope, and timing of the work should be agreed, and evidenced in writing, before the job commences.
Control
Self employed workers should exercise a significant degree of independent control over how they organise and carryout their work
Workmanship
Within reason, the more freedom the worker has in the detail of the way the work is carried out the better. You must also make it clear that the worker will have to put right any faulty work at his or her own expense.
Substitution
One of the strongest tests of self employment is the right to substitute a worker who is equally capable of carrying out the work.
Insurance
All self employed workers should hold public liability insurance and preferably professional indemnity insurance
Provision of equipment
Where practical, the worker should supply at least some of the important equipment or tools. Of course, the extent to which equipment is required depends upon the nature of the work.
Workers who invoice for labour and materials are more likely to be viewed as Self-employed."
Just to add interpretation to this, “control” has always been king amongst the tests of employment - and what this means is “who has authority?”.
A relationship of authority, of master and servant, is something that is often easier to perceive than to describe in general terms.
Such a relationship may have no physical manifestation at all, in the sense that an experienced worker may not need to be given any actual direction, but represents a tacit understanding between two parties about who is really in charge - the reserved “right of control”, as it is described in case law.
If the employer stipulates a substitution clause or an insurance requirement in a contract, that can also just as easily be a manifestation of their control and authority, and a frippery of a sham contract, as opposed to the genuine trappings of an independent businessman.
If the supposed hirer is clearly in a far better organisational position than the supposed subcontractor to provide a substitute for the subcontractor’s own personal service - and that will often be the case where a hiring organisation has a workforce of tens or hundreds of one-man-band subcontractors who are not associates of one another, but can all be used interchangeably (and in varying amounts) by the hirer to cover the available work - then such a substitution clause really loses it’s character as being an indicia of an independent business on the part of each “subcontractor”.
Contrast that with the Ready Mixed Concrete case, where a group of owner-drivers cooperated amongst themselves to actually organise and employ a relief driver (at far lower rate of pay than they themselves were receiving as owner-drivers) to cover their work in their absence. It is not just the actuality of the substitution which was decisive in this case, but the fact that the owner-drivers could demonstrate that there was an organisation in place to provide that substitution - they had a man on the payroll on standby and ready to be substituted, and that was effected through an actual business association and financial links with each other (and not coordinated by the hirer). It was more than a driver just saying “well, I can ask my mate Bob if he’ll cover me if I’m off sick” - it’s saying “other drivers and I have a man, Bob, on our payroll to cover our inevitable sickness and holiday”.
As an aside, the danger for a hirer that actually did coordinate such an arrangement, is that by putting drivers in touch with each other as in the Ready Mixed case, they’d put in place the skeleton of a workplace union and foster solidarity.
And there is case law that minor equipment and low-value tools (or equipment that tends to be personal to a worker, like PPE, rather than “capital equipment”) are not inconsistent with employment either. So a clause which requires a “self-employed contractor” to provide their own gloves and hi-vis, will be ineffective in rebutting employee status.